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	<title>Another Idea &#187; deficit spending</title>
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		<title>49 of 50 States Have Lost Jobs Since Stimulus Enacted</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/10/49-of-50-states-have-lost-jobs-since-stimulus-enacted/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/10/49-of-50-states-have-lost-jobs-since-stimulus-enacted/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 21 Oct 2009 23:00:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deficit spending]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[federal spending]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[porkulus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stimulus]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=3421</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[While President Obama claimed the result of his stimulus bill would be the creation of 3.5 million jobs, the Nation has already lost a total of 2.7 million – a difference of 6.2 million jobs. <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/10/49-of-50-states-have-lost-jobs-since-stimulus-enacted/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><em>America Now Over 6 Million Jobs Shy of Administration&#8217;s Projections</em></strong></p>
<p>The table below compares the White House&#8217;s February 2009 <a href="http://republicans.waysandmeans.house.gov/Components/Redirect/r.aspx?ID=30941-3046939" target="_blank">projection</a> of the number of jobs that would be created by the 2009 stimulus law (through the end of 2010) with the actual change in <a href="http://republicans.waysandmeans.house.gov/Components/Redirect/r.aspx?ID=30942-3046939">state payroll employment</a> through September 2009 (the latest figures available).  According to the data, 49 States and the District of Columbia have lost jobs since stimulus was enacted.  Only North Dakota has seen net job creation following the February 2009 stimulus.  While President Obama claimed the result of his stimulus bill would be the creation of 3.5 million jobs, the Nation has already lost a total of 2.7 million – a difference of 6.2 million jobs.  To see how stimulus has failed your state, see the table below.<span id="more-3421"></span></p>
<p><img class="aligncenter" title="Obamas Failed Stimulus" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/posts/post_2009102101_failedstimulus.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="1037" /></p>
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		<title>No bickering. No thinking. Just do it</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/no-bickering-no-thinking-just-do-it/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/no-bickering-no-thinking-just-do-it/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 17:00:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Denver Post</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[current events]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[david harsanyi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deficit spending]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthcare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[obamacare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[propaganda]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=3091</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Those who claim that President Barack Obama's speech on health care this past week wasn't a glorious success are fooling themselves. A Washington takeover of health care never sounded so enticing or fun. Just ignore the specifics <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/no-bickering-no-thinking-just-do-it/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" title="by David Harsanyi" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/headshots/harsanyi_david.jpg" alt="by David Harsanyi" width="100" height="150" /></p>
<p>Those who claim that President Barack Obama&#8217;s speech on health care this past week wasn&#8217;t a glorious success are fooling themselves. A Washington takeover of health care never sounded so enticing or fun.</p>
<p>Just ignore the specifics.<span id="more-3091"></span> Because when the president says he welcomes substantive new ideas, he means that if you have the nerve to offer any ideas — like Whole Foods CEO John Mackey did in the Wall Street Journal last month — his allies will attempt to destroy your business and reputation.</p>
<p>And when the president says he welcomes bipartisanship, what he means is that he hasn&#8217;t met with a single Republican on the issue since April — despite numerous requests and two separate House bills chock full of ideas.</p>
<p>When this president says he is a deal-making centrist and will stand up to his own party, he means he will rebuff progressives on a complete strawman like a &#8220;single-payer&#8221; plan (a plan he supported at one time), which has been a non-starter in any iteration of health care reform this year. I only wish there was a stronger word for &#8220;courage.&#8221;</p>
<p>When the president says everyone must chip in and sacrifice, he means more than 95 percent of small businesses won&#8217;t have to chip in and sacrifice. That&#8217;s good. But consider his plan a small-business generator, since larger businesses are sure to be small in no time (and many small businesses have a new incentive to stay that way).</p>
<p>President Obama says government will mandate that every American purchase insurance (despite his campaign promise not to do so) rather than allow us to indulge in &#8220;irresponsible behavior&#8221; — or, in other words, &#8220;choice.&#8221;</p>
<p>Insurance companies, on the other hand, will be mandated to provide coverage, with no extra charge, to everyone, no matter how irresponsibly they behave. Also, feel free to ask for check-ups and &#8220;preventive&#8221; care like mammograms and colonoscopies on demand, no matter how needless your visit may be, no questions asked, no extra cost.</p>
<p>That should bend the cost curve in the right direction.</p>
<p>When the president says there is no possibility that a government-run public option could crowd out private markets like they have in nearly every other arena they operate in, he, as the tactful South Carolina Rep. Joe Wilson might say, is trading in hogwash.</p>
<p>The president says that the public option is small potatoes because it would only cover 5 percent of Americans, pay for itself and run like a private not-for-profit. If such an option can change the dynamics of competition in health insurance, why not open a new <em>private </em>not-for-profit organization that pays for itself?</p>
<p>Silly question. As we all know, if any organization has demonstrated an uncanny ability to control costs, drive innovation and foster competition, it&#8217;s been government.</p>
<p>The best part? Like that exotic mortgage taxpayers are paying for you, according to the president, all this wonderment can be yours for absolutely nothing! Better yet, it will not add a single dime to the deficit in the next 10 years. Ignore the Congressional Budget Office&#8217;s $900 billion estimate (and the Lewin Group&#8217;s $1 trillion estimate).</p>
<p>Nope, we can pay for this by extracting $1 trillion in savings from insurance companies and Medicare (start cutting down on gratuitous use of paper clips, pronto). And if you even allude to the prospect of cuts (meaning government rationing for seniors) you are trafficking in a ghastly fabrication that might hasten your being &#8220;called out&#8221; by the president. No one wants that.</p>
<p>You may wonder how President Obama can logically sell a public option while at the same time claim that reform will be paid for by waste found in another &#8220;public&#8221; option. You may also be wondering how mandates, price controls, regulations and added costs will save us any money and preserve level of care. Don&#8217;t. Just bask in the radiance of barren rhetoric.</p>
<p>Because when the president tells us that this is &#8220;the season for action&#8221; and we can no longer waste time debating, he means that legislation won&#8217;t be initiated until 2013, that this is all about politics and his very own entrenched ideology — not yours.</p>
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		<title>Washington&#039;s Lies</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/washingtons-lies/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/washingtons-lies/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 23:00:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>The Washington Times</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deficit spending]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[medicare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[obamacare]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[social security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[taxes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[walter williams]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=3059</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[You say, "Williams, you don't show much trust in the White House and Congress." Let's check out their past dishonesty. <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/washingtons-lies/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" title="by Walter E. Williams" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/headshots/williams_walter.jpg" alt="by Walter E. Williams" /></p>
<p>President Obama and congressional supporters estimate that his health care plan will cost between $50 and $65 billion a year. Such cost estimates are lies whether they come from a Democratic president and Congress, or a Republican president and Congress. You say, &#8220;Williams, you don&#8217;t show much trust in the White House and Congress.&#8221; Let&#8217;s check out their past dishonesty.</p>
<p>At its start, in 1966, Medicare cost $3 billion. The House Ways and Means Committee, along with President Johnson, estimated that Medicare would cost an inflation-adjusted $12 billion by 1990. In 1990, Medicare topped $107 billion. That&#8217;s nine times Congress&#8217; prediction. Today&#8217;s Medicare tab comes to $420 billion with no signs of leveling off. How much confidence can we have in any cost estimates by the White House or Congress?<span id="more-3059"></span></p>
<p>Another part of the Medicare lie is found in Section 1801 of the 1965 Medicare Act that reads: &#8220;Nothing in this title shall be construed to authorize any federal officer or employee to exercise any supervision or control over the practice of medicine, or the manner in which medical services are provided, or over the selection, tenure, or compensation of any officer, or employee, or any institution, agency or person providing health care services.&#8221; Ask your doctor or hospital whether this is true.</p>
<p>Lies and deception are by no means restricted to modern times. During the legislative debate prior to ratification of the 16th Amendment, President Howard Taft and congressional supporters said that only the rich would ever pay federal income taxes. In 1916, only one-half of 1 percent of income earners paid income taxes. Those earning $250,000 a year in today&#8217;s dollars paid 1 percent, and those earning $6 million in today&#8217;s dollars paid 7 percent. The lie that only the rich would ever pay income taxes was simply a lie to exploit the politics of envy and dupe Americans into ratifying the 16th Amendment.</p>
<p>The proposed tax increases that the White House and Congress are proposing will probably pass. According to the Washington, D.C.-based Tax Foundation, during 2006, roughly 43.4 million tax returns, representing 91 million individuals, had no federal tax liability. That&#8217;s out of a total of 136 million federal tax returns. Adding to this figure are 15 million households and individuals who file no tax return at all. Roughly 121 million Americans — or 41 percent of the U.S. population — are completely outside the federal income tax system. These people represent a natural constituency for big-spending politicians. Since they have no federal income tax obligation, what do they care about higher taxes or tax cuts?</p>
<p>Another big congressional lie is Social Security. Here&#8217;s what a 1936 government pamphlet on Social Security said: &#8220;After the first 3 years — that is to say, beginning in 1940 — you will pay, and your employer will pay, 1.5 cents for each dollar you earn, up to $3,000 a year &#8230; beginning in 1943, you will pay 2 cents, and so will your employer, for every dollar you earn for the next 3 years. &#8230; And finally, beginning in 1949, twelve years from now, you and your employer will each pay 3 cents on each dollar you earn, up to $3,000 a year.&#8221; Here&#8217;s Congress&#8217;s lying promise: &#8220;That is the most you will ever pay.&#8221; Let&#8217;s repeat that last sentence: &#8220;That is the most you will ever pay.&#8221; Compare that to today&#8217;s reality, including Medicare, which is 7.65 cents on each dollar that you earn up to nearly $107,000, which comes to $8,185.</p>
<p>The Social Security pamphlet closes with another lie: &#8220;Beginning November 24, 1936, the United States government will set up a Social Security account for you &#8230; The checks will come to you as a right.&#8221; First, there&#8217;s no Social Security account containing your money, but more importantly, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on two occasions that Americans have no legal right to Social Security payments.</p>
<p>We can thank public education for American gullibility.</p>
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		<title>Uncivil Truth</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/uncivil-truth/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/uncivil-truth/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2009 20:00:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Lisa Benson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[cartoons]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deficit spending]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=3000</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[<img title="by Lisa Benson" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/cartoons/200909/20090914.jpg" alt="by Lisa Benson" width="462" height="350" /> <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/uncivil-truth/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 472px"><img title="by Lisa Benson" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/cartoons/200909/20090914.jpg" alt="by Lisa Benson" width="462" height="350" /><p class="wp-caption-text">by Lisa Benson</p></div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="http://anotheridea.org/?cat=199" target="_self">View all recent cartoons</a></strong></p>
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		<title>Obama and the Bureaucratization of Health Care</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/obama-and-the-bureaucratization-of-health-care/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/obama-and-the-bureaucratization-of-health-care/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 17:00:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Wall Street Journal</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[current events]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[death panels]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[sarah palin]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=2885</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[How can we ensure that those who need medical care receive it while also reducing health-care costs? The answers offered by Democrats in Washington all rest on one principle: that increased government involvement can solve the problem. I fundamentally disagree. <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/obama-and-the-bureaucratization-of-health-care/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><em>The president&#8217;s proposals would give unelected officials life-and-death rationing powers.</em></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.sarahpac.com/" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft" title="by Sarah Palin" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/headshots/palin_sarah.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="150" /></a>Writing in the New York Times last month, President Barack Obama asked that Americans &#8220;talk with one another, and not over one another&#8221; as our health-care debate moves forward.</p>
<p>I couldn&#8217;t agree more. Let&#8217;s engage the other side&#8217;s arguments, and let&#8217;s allow Americans to decide for themselves whether the Democrats&#8217; health-care proposals should become governing law.<span id="more-2885"></span></p>
<p>Some 45 years ago Ronald Reagan said that &#8220;no one in this country should be denied medical care because of a lack of funds.&#8221; Each of us knows that we have an obligation to care for the old, the young and the sick. We stand strongest when we stand with the weakest among us.</p>
<p>We also know that our current health-care system too often burdens individuals and businesses—particularly small businesses—with crippling expenses. And we know that allowing government health-care spending to continue at current rates will only add to our ever-expanding deficit.</p>
<p>How can we ensure that those who need medical care receive it while also reducing health-care costs? The answers offered by Democrats in Washington all rest on one principle: that increased government involvement can solve the problem. I fundamentally disagree.</p>
<div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 260px"><img title="Obama - September, 2009" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/posts/post_2009090902_obama.jpg" alt="Associated Press" width="250" height="166" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Associated Press</p></div>
<p>Common sense tells us that the government&#8217;s attempts to solve large problems more often create new ones. Common sense also tells us that a top-down, one-size-fits-all plan will not improve the workings of a nationwide health-care system that accounts for one-sixth of our economy. And common sense tells us to be skeptical when President Obama promises that the Democrats&#8217; proposals &#8220;will provide more stability and security to every American.&#8221;</p>
<p>With all due respect, Americans are used to this kind of sweeping promise from Washington. And we know from long experience that it&#8217;s a promise Washington can&#8217;t keep.</p>
<p>Let&#8217;s talk about specifics. In his Times op-ed, the president argues that the Democrats&#8217; proposals &#8220;will finally bring skyrocketing health-care costs under control&#8221; by &#8220;cutting . . . waste and inefficiency in federal health programs like Medicare and Medicaid and in unwarranted subsidies to insurance companies . . . .&#8221;</p>
<p>First, ask yourself whether the government that brought us such &#8220;waste and inefficiency&#8221; and &#8220;unwarranted subsidies&#8221; in the first place can be believed when it says that this time it will get things right. The nonpartistan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) doesn&#8217;t think so: Its director, Douglas Elmendorf, told the Senate Budget Committee in July that &#8220;in the legislation that has been reported we do not see the sort of fundamental changes that would be necessary to reduce the trajectory of federal health spending by a significant amount.&#8221;</p>
<p>Now look at one way Mr. Obama wants to eliminate inefficiency and waste: He&#8217;s asked Congress to create an Independent Medicare Advisory Council—an unelected, largely unaccountable group of experts charged with containing Medicare costs. In an interview with the New York Times in April, the president suggested that such a group, working outside of &#8220;normal political channels,&#8221; should guide decisions regarding that &#8220;huge driver of cost . . . the chronically ill and those toward the end of their lives . . . .&#8221;</p>
<p>Given such statements, is it any wonder that many of the sick and elderly are concerned that the Democrats&#8217; proposals will ultimately lead to rationing of their health care by—dare I say it—death panels? Establishment voices dismissed that phrase, but it rang true for many Americans. Working through &#8220;normal political channels,&#8221; they made themselves heard, and as a result Congress will likely reject a wrong-headed proposal to authorize end-of-life counseling in this cost-cutting context. But the fact remains that the Democrats&#8217; proposals would still empower unelected bureaucrats to make decisions affecting life or death health-care matters. Such government overreaching is what we&#8217;ve come to expect from this administration.</p>
<p>Speaking of government overreaching, how will the Democrats&#8217; proposals affect the deficit? The CBO estimates that the current House proposal not only won&#8217;t reduce the deficit but will actually increase it by $239 billion over 10 years. Only in Washington could a plan that adds hundreds of billions to the deficit be hailed as a cost-cutting measure.</p>
<p>The economic effects won&#8217;t be limited to abstract deficit numbers; they&#8217;ll reach the wallets of everyday Americans. Should the Democrats&#8217; proposals expand health-care coverage while failing to curb health-care inflation rates, smaller paychecks will result. A new study for Watson Wyatt Worldwide by Steven Nyce and Syl Schieber concludes that if the government expands health-care coverage while health-care inflation continues to rise &#8220;the higher costs would drive disposable wages downward across most of the earnings spectrum, although the declines would be steepest for lower-earning workers.&#8221; Lower wages are the last thing Americans need in these difficult economic times.</p>
<p>Finally, President Obama argues in his op-ed that Democrats&#8217; proposals &#8220;will provide every American with some basic consumer protections that will finally hold insurance companies accountable.&#8221; Of course consumer protection sounds like a good idea. And it&#8217;s true that insurance companies can be unaccountable and unresponsive institutions—much like the federal government. That similarity makes this shift in focus seem like nothing more than an attempt to deflect attention away from the details of the Democrats&#8217; proposals—proposals that will increase our deficit, decrease our paychecks, and increase the power of unaccountable government technocrats.</p>
<p>Instead of poll-driven &#8220;solutions,&#8221; let&#8217;s talk about real health-care reform: market-oriented, patient-centered, and result-driven. As the Cato Institute&#8217;s Michael Cannon and others have argued, such policies include giving all individuals the same tax benefits received by those who get coverage through their employers; providing Medicare recipients with vouchers that allow them to purchase their own coverage; reforming tort laws to potentially save billions each year in wasteful spending; and changing costly state regulations to allow people to buy insurance across state lines. Rather than another top-down government plan, let&#8217;s give Americans control over their own health care.</p>
<p>Democrats have never seriously considered such ideas, instead rushing through their own controversial proposals. After all, they don&#8217;t need Republicans to sign on: Democrats control the House, the Senate and the presidency. But if passed, the Democrats&#8217; proposals will significantly alter a large sector of our economy. They will not improve our health care. They will not save us money. And, despite what the president says, they will not &#8220;provide more stability and security to every American.&#8221;</p>
<p>We often hear such overblown promises from Washington. With first principles in mind and with the facts in hand, tell them that this time we&#8217;re not buying it.</p>
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		<title>Inflation’s Moral Hazard</title>
		<link>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/inflation%e2%80%99s-moral-hazard/</link>
		<comments>http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/inflation%e2%80%99s-moral-hazard/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2009 17:00:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>City Journal</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anthony daniels]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deficit spending]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inflation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[theodore dalrymple]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://anotheridea.org/?p=2848</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[An age of loose money not only destroys savings; it corrodes character. <a href="http://anotheridea.org/2009/09/inflation%e2%80%99s-moral-hazard/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.skepticaldoctor.com/" target="_blank"><img class="alignleft" title="by Theodore Dalrymple" src="http://anotheridea.org/images/headshots/dalrymple_theodore.jpg" alt="by Theodore Dalrymple" /></a></p>
<p><em>An age of loose money not only destroys savings; it corrodes character.</em></p>
<p>Information from the most diverse sources sometimes coalesces and provokes reflection on a subject to which one has not previously given sufficient thought. This happened to me recently with regard to the effect of monetary inflation on human character. With many observers predicting a substantial rise in inflation as a result of various government spending programs undertaken to reverse the current global downturn, the topic is anything but academic.<span id="more-2848"></span></p>
<p>I was reading <em>The Innocence of Edith Thompson</em>, by Lewis Broad, a book about a notorious murder in 1920s London. Freddy Bywaters was a handsome young sailor, Edith Thompson an unsatisfactorily married woman. They had a torrid love affair, and Bywaters eventually stabbed Thompson’s husband to death as he walked home one evening from the theater with his wife. Thompson’s love letters to Bywaters, prosecutors claimed, were an incitement to murder—such an incitement that they rendered her a murderess herself. She was found guilty of the deed and hanged. Broad’s book—written in 1952, 31 years after the event—happens to mention Thompson’s comparative prosperity. She managed a millinery shop and earned enough to put her in the middle class: “six pounds per week,” as the author puts it, “or twelve pounds in our debased currency.” A doubling of prices in three decades called a debasement of the currency? What would Broad have written if he knew what was to come in the years ahead?</p>
<p>Then I began reading <em>Ursa Major</em>, a study of Doctor Johnson by C. E. Vulliamy. It was hostile to the great man; but from the point of view of inflation, what was interesting was Johnson’s pension from the crown. Worth 300 pounds per year when granted in 1762, Vulliamy informs us, it would have been worth 800 pounds at the time of <em>Ursa Major</em>’s publication in 1946.</p>
<p>But that 800 pounds, according to Broad’s book, would have been worth only 400 pounds as recently as 1921. If we put these two stories together, it means that 300 pounds in 1762 was the equivalent of 400 pounds in 1921; or, in other words, that in a century and a half, prices rose in Britain by about 33 percent, an overall rate so slow as to have been almost imperceptible year to year, even decade to decade. Such stability must have seemed more a fact of nature than a consequence of human behavior or policy, and therefore something that would last forever.</p>
<p>Of course, calculations of prices between different historical epochs can be inexact, if only because some things available to later ages were not available to earlier ones. What was the price of a chocolate bar in 1762? We can never know: bars of chocolate did not exist then.</p>
<p>Nevertheless, I can attest to a prolonged era of price stability from evidence in my own lifetime. When I was born, it cost one and a half times as much to send a letter as it did 100 years earlier. In my childhood, during the fifties, we still used the same coins, with the same denominations, that people had used during the Victorian era. The silver coins were still made of silver, not a worthless silvery metal. Occasionally, we would even come across pre-Victorian coins. Their continued use was not absurd: though prices had risen, they still bore some resemblance to what they had been in the earlier time. When my grandmother gave me a florin—one-tenth of a pound—I felt rich. It was enough, in any case, to buy a paperback book; between 50 and 60 times as much would be required now.</p>
<p>I also remember the vast white five-pound notes, as grandiose and almost as large as professional diplomas or nineteenth-century share certificates, that my father kept in a roll in his pocket, only 100 or 200 of which would have been needed in those days to buy a decent house. And it was still possible for a boy like me to buy something—albeit only a stick of gum—with the smallest coin of the realm, a farthing, worth one-960th of a pound. That something could be sold for such a tiny fraction of money might seem a sign of general poverty. But though the Britain of my youth lagged economically, it was far from poor.</p>
<p>The regime of relative price stability soon collapsed. During the sixties and seventies, the sums of money of which everyone spoke increased, first by a little and then by a lot (and how nonchalantly we now speak of trillions of dollars or euros!). All that had seemed solid, to paraphrase Marx, melted into air.</p>
<p>At the time, I gave no thought to the effects of this inflation, which tended to be discussed in purely economic terms—experts would ask, say, whether inflation was compatible with satisfactory economic growth. In a naive way, I assumed that since most people’s income tended to rise with inflation, there was nothing to worry about. I did not suffer personally because of it, nor did most of the people I knew. If a product once cost <em>y</em>and now cost 10<em>y</em>, what did it matter, so long as your income had gone up by ten times, too? Since people seemed better off, at least measured by what they could consume, one could even assume that incomes had risen faster than inflation.</p>
<p>Yet this was a crude way of looking at things, as my father’s fate should have instructed me. He sold his business in the sixties, at the end of the period of price stability that had reigned throughout his life, for what then seemed a large amount of money. He was a man who, for both temperamental and ideological reasons, held a deep contempt for financial speculation and wheeling and dealing, with the result that he did nothing as inflation inexorably eroded his savings. He grew poorer and poorer through the remaining 30 years of his life, and might have sunk into poverty had he not moved into a house that I owned. And this after reaching a level of wealth that, relatively speaking, was greater than I shall probably ever know.</p>
<p>For a while, I was angry about what seemed my father’s improvidence and lack of foresight. As the current financial crisis has conclusively demonstrated, however, not everyone is blessed with foresight, not even those whose livelihood depends primarily on the claim of possessing it. My father was born of a generation that saw money as a store of value, a far from dishonorable notion—and one that, when it reflected reality, helped give a lot of people peace of mind. And as I reach the age when inflation might cause me some embarrassment, even hardship, my sympathy with my father’s plight has grown. I am no longer young enough to fight another day, economically speaking: the destruction of my wealth by inflation would be final. In an aging population, more and more people are in my position, which helps explain why an age of prosperity can be an age of anxiety, even without a financial crisis.</p>
<p>Like my father, I am not particularly avaricious; on the other hand, I have no vocation for poverty and share the prejudice of most of mankind that a loss of capital and a sharp decline of income are much to be feared. In an era of price stability, a man of my disposition could judge with a degree of certainty how much money he would need for each year of his retirement. The calculation of how much principal he would require now, in order to yield that amount of money in interest each year in the future, was relatively simple and would yield financial tranquillity.</p>
<p>That kind of tranquillity about one’s financial future is more difficult for most of us to achieve now. President Reagan and Prime Minister Thatcher brought raging inflation under control in the U.S. and Britain during the eighties—at the cost of great short-term economic pain and considerable political and social strain—but they could not reverse the public’s loss of confidence in money as a store of value. People must today try to foresee not only how long they will live but also what is even less predictable: the reigning economic conditions of the next 40 years, assuming this to be the upper limit of their retirement period. And this, to quote Doctor Johnson in another context, “requires faculties which it has not pleased our Creator to give us.”</p>
<p>There seems to be no choice, then, but for everyone to have constant regard to his own pile, and to try to outwit the economic moth and rust that threaten to erode all but the largest fortunes: in short, he must speculate, or risk losing nearly everything. The question of whether it is best to hold shares, or bonds, or property, or gold, or some combination of them, is constantly before him. Further, as many who have taken tips from their brokers or bank will attest, funds’ managers and investors do not always have the same interests. A man trying to preserve a competence learns to trust neither himself nor others.</p>
<p>Inflation has overturned centuries of economic wisdom, or at least prejudice. When Polonius conferred his parting platitudes on Laertes, one was to “neither a lender nor a borrower be,” and this because a “loan oft loses both itself and friend.” A quarter of a millennium later, Mr. Micawber famously asserted that the secret of happiness was to live within one’s means; and while credit is obviously essential for economic growth, an intuitive difference exists between borrowing to consume beyond one’s means and borrowing to increase one’s means.</p>
<p>Inflation has blurred that intuitive difference. Many times I have received advice, from friends and banks, to borrow as much as I could so that I might buy the best and most expensive house possible. And for many years it seemed good advice, for what could be more advantageous than to buy an appreciating asset with depreciating currency, especially when my income was likely to appreciate faster than the currency depreciated? It was a painless way to become rich.</p>
<p>I did not take the advice—not entirely, anyway. I remained sufficiently a child of the regime of constant prices that I found it difficult to imagine how a sum that seemed vast now would seem trifling in just a few years: caution seemed wiser. Even so, I borrowed within what I thought to be my means, and thereby accumulated assets of a value that I could not have obtained by the steady buildup of savings. The curious result has been that at no point in my career could I have afforded to buy the real estate that I now own, whose value—even now, after a precipitate post-financial-crisis decline—greatly exceeds my cumulative income over the years. If my borrowing had been bolder, the value would exceed my earnings even more.</p>
<p>My situation is no different from that of millions of others, of course. And since we are all richer than we should otherwise be, is there anything, really, to complain about? The problem is that this “richer” represents a curious kind of wealth. I must live somewhere, after all, and everywhere else has appreciated in value, too. I don’t live any better in my house than I did before simply because it is worth three times what I paid for it. Its increase in value is thus of no use to me, unless I want to sell it to live in a less valuable house and invest the difference. An increase in the value of one’s house is therefore a bit like fool’s gold.</p>
<p>But for many years, people—in Britain, especially—have treated rising property values as if they were the real thing, and the government has supported this belief by allowing extremely easy credit. My bank gave me some good examples not long before the crunch.</p>
<p>I still remember the letter that the bank sent me when I was a student, pointing out with considerable asperity that I was almost three pounds overdrawn and asking when I would correct this serious irregularity. Nearly 40 years later, I briefly overdrew my account again—this time by much more—and wrote to the bank, explaining that I would clear the balance in a few days. Unusually, the bank called me: a banker wanted to see me, and would like to come to my house. I made an appointment and expected him with some trepidation.</p>
<p>When he arrived, I repeated that I would pay off the overdraft, and more, in less than a week’s time. “Oh, we don’t want you to do that,” he said. “I’ve come here to ask whether you want to borrow more money.”</p>
<p>“What for?”</p>
<p>“Well, a nice new car, or perhaps the holiday you’ve always dreamed of.”</p>
<p>I was astonished. The bank was encouraging me to indebt myself for an asset whose value would swiftly melt away—or for one of no resale value whatsoever. After rejecting this offer, I soon found myself receiving others—of large loans that would be advanced to me, as if by right, by a simple telephone call. Apart from home improvements, whose enduring monetary value would depend on the state of the property market, all the suggested uses to which I might want to put the lent money were for consumption in the here and now. It all suggested a giant pyramid scheme.</p>
<p>Some time later, I was thinking about buying another house, for which I would need a short-term loan. Passing my bank, and having a few minutes to spare, I entered and inquired about how I would arrange such a loan. Within five minutes, the bank had offered me a sum that was 20 percent larger than the single asset that it had evidence that I owned (another house)—whose value, in any case, was subject to fluctuation, including downward. I came away feeling that the bank was careless to the point of frivolity; it was treating money as if it were playing Monopoly, not exercising due diligence on behalf of its shareholders and depositors. Sure enough, the bank was nationalized two years later, in 2009, and its 3 million shareholders, who had enjoyed several fat years before the collapse, wound up virtually expropriated.</p>
<p>During those fat years, a man could sit at home watching television and imagine that he was growing richer thereby. I remember an eminent professor’s telling me, with a barely concealed exultation, that he was making nearly $1,000 per day, week after week, merely by owning a very large house in a fashionable area: an amount that, needless to say, dwarfed any savings he might salt away from his salary. The government could not have been better pleased, for the majority of the population, who owned their own homes, felt prosperous as never before and attributed their affluence to the government’s wise economic guidance.</p>
<p>But asset inflation—ultimately, the debasement of the currency—as the principal source of wealth corrodes the character of people. It not only undermines the traditional bourgeois virtues but makes them ridiculous and even reverses them. Prudence becomes imprudence, thrift becomes improvidence, sobriety becomes mean-spiritedness, modesty becomes lack of ambition, self-control becomes betrayal of the inner self, patience becomes lack of foresight, steadiness becomes inflexibility: all that was wisdom becomes foolishness. And circumstances force almost everyone to join in the dance.</p>
<p>Except in one circumstance, that is: the possession of a salary and a pension that the government promises, implicitly or explicitly, to index against inflation. This is the situation of public-sector workers and is a pyramid scheme, too, perhaps the biggest of the lot, since events may require the government to renege on its obligations. But meantime, such employment will seem a safe haven, and the temptation will be for government to expand it, with the happy consequence—for itself—of increasing dependence. And dependence, too, undermines character.</p>
<p>It is no coincidence that the Western leader most worried about a new bout of inflation is German chancellor Angela Merkel. If there is one thing that Germans agree about, it is the necessity—social and political as much as economic—of a sound currency. The hyperinflation of the 1920s brought about a German change in mentality as great as, or greater than, the one caused by World War I, with what disastrous consequences 50 million dead might attest if they had voice. The solidity of the deutsche mark was the great German achievement of the second half of the twentieth century.</p>
<p>Inflation is not a bogey for everyone—not for those who wish to restructure society, for example, or for those who want government control of ever more aspects of people’s lives. But for the rest of us, the consequences of its full-blown return are not likely to be good: for inflation is not an economic problem only, or even mainly, but one that afflicts the human soul.</p>
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